How Kerala Reduced Mortality from Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
The Hindu

Context

• In Kerala, children often play in neighborhood ponds during summer, increasing exposure to the risk of amoebic infections. Despite this, Kerala has effectively reduced mortality from Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM).

Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)

Cause

• Naegleria fowleri, commonly known as the brain-eating amoeba, is responsible for PAM. This free-living amoeba is found in warm, stagnant freshwater.

High Mortality Rate

• PAM has a mortality rate exceeding 97%, making it one of the most lethal infections.

Infection Mechanism

• The amoeba enters the body through the nasal passages and travels to the brain, where it destroys brain tissue, leading to rapid and severe symptoms.

Transmission

• The infection does not spread person-to-person or by drinking contaminated water. It primarily occurs through exposure to contaminated water when it enters the nasal passages.

Symptoms

• Early signs include headache, fever, nausea, and vomiting, progressing rapidly to more severe neurological symptoms.

Treatment

• The optimal drug regimen is still uncertain, requiring a multidisciplinary team for effective management. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment can improve outcomes.

Prevention

• Preventive Measures include:
  • Avoiding exposure to stagnant freshwater.
  • Using nose plugs when swimming in ponds or lakes.
  • Ensuring proper chlorination and maintenance of swimming pools to lower the risk of contamination and infection.